Personal Injury Glossary

Acute pain typically stems from identifiable causes like injury or illness, often alleviated by medication, resulting in temporary disruption to daily activities and routine, and typically resolves as part of the healing process within weeks or months.

An additional auto is a vehicle that you acquire ownership of during the policy period, requiring your insurance company to insure all vehicles you own as part of the policy agreement.

An additional insured broadens liability insurance coverage beyond the named insured to encompass other individuals or groups, with an endorsement safeguarding them under the named insurer’s policy.

Adjudicate in civil cases refers to the legal process of resolving disputes between parties, determining liability and damages through court proceedings, potentially resulting in a judgment and financial remedies if liability is established.

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that triggers the body’s “fight or flight” response during stressful or dangerous situations, providing a surge of energy and heightened awareness, commonly experienced after car accidents.

An affidavit is a written statement made under oath or affirmation.

An Affidavit of No Other Insurance Coverage is a form used to ascertain the insurance coverage available for a car accident or injury case, typically submitted to the negligent party to inquire about their insurance policies, household members’ potential insurance, and potential employer coverage.

Aftermarket parts, produced by manufacturers other than the original vehicle manufacturer, are new replacement components used for repairs or enhancements, commonly included in repair estimates by insurance companies after accidents.

Leaving a California hospital against medical advice (AMA) occurs when patients choose to depart before the treating physician advises discharge.

Aggravation refers to situations where a pre-existing injury or medical condition is affected by a new injury, and if the pre-existing condition is permanently worsened by the subsequent injury, it is said to have been aggravated.

An all-terrain vehicle (ATV) is a motorized off-highway vehicle with a straddle seating position, handlebar steering, and capability to navigate various terrains.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) encompasses methods like mediation, settlement conferences, neutral evaluation, and arbitration, providing less formal, cost-effective, and time-saving alternatives to trials while offering individuals greater control over the resolution of their disputes.

Ambulatory means able to walk and not confined to bed, often used in medical contexts to describe patients who can move about on their own.

Amnesia is the loss of memories, including facts, information, and experiences, with different types such as post-traumatic, anterograde, and retrograde amnesia.

Amputation is the surgical removal of all or part of a limb or extremity, typically necessary due to severe injury, infection, or underlying health conditions.

Anesthesia utilizes drugs called anesthetics to prevent pain during medical procedures, with local and regional anesthesia numbing specific areas and general anesthesia inducing temporary unconsciousness for more invasive surgeries.

An animal bite report is an official document generated and recorded by the local police or animal control office, serving as a public record in the event of an animal bite incident.

An annuity, a type of insurance product, ensures a steady stream of payments either throughout one’s lifetime or based on a set period, purchased through financial institutions by individuals.

An annular tear, also known as an annular fissure, is a common degenerative condition in the spine, resulting from aging or external factors like injury, where the outer layer of a disc is ripped, potentially leading to herniated discs or pinched nerves.

The annulus fibrosis is the sturdy outer layer of the intervertebral disc, composed of collagen, which encases the softer inner core, and a tear in this layer often leads to disc herniation.

An Answer is a defendant’s formal written response to a lawsuit, wherein they admit or deny specific allegations brought against them in the complaint, with any unaddressed allegations considered as true by the court.

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) is a surgical procedure aimed at relieving pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots in the neck by removing a damaged disc, followed by stabilizing the cervical spine through fusion, which involves the placement of bone grafts or implants to promote stability and strength in the affected area.

Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) is a spinal fusion procedure where surgeons access the front of the spine through the abdomen to fuse two or more vertebrae in the lower back, typically to address disc problems and relieve back or leg pain.

Anterolisthesis is when an upper vertebra slips forward on the one below, graded on a scale from 1 to 4, causing pain and other symptoms, and is a type of spondylolisthesis characterized by abnormal movement of one vertebra in relation to another.

Aphasia is a disorder that affects communication, impacting speech, writing, and the understanding of language, often occurring suddenly after a stroke or head injury and treated primarily through speech and language therapy.

An appeal is a legal process wherein a higher court, such as a court of appeals, appellate court, or supreme court, reviews a lower court’s decision due to alleged judicial errors, with the appellant seeking this review and the appellee being the opposing party, based on the trial court’s transcript, evidence, and documents.

An appraisal assesses vehicle damage to determine repair costs for insurance claim settlement, providing estimates and recommendations often used to negotiate repair expenses with automotive repair shops.

Arbitration is a common alternative dispute resolution method where car insurance claims are presented to a neutral arbitrator whose decisions are typically binding, offering a faster and less formal process than courtroom trials, often mandated by insurance policies.

An arbitrator, typically a retired judge or experienced lawyer, facilitates informal meetings between the plaintiff and defendant, or between an insured individual and their insurance company in first-party claims, to resolve disputes outside the courtroom through arbitration, a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), with the decision often being binding and legally enforceable.

Arthralgia refers to joint stiffness and pain, which can be caused by various factors such as overuse, injury, or inflammation, and it is often confused with arthritis, a distinct inflammatory joint condition.

Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints, characterized by symptoms like joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis being the most common types.

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems by inserting a narrow tube with a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision, enabling surgeons to view and potentially repair joint damage.

The articular process of a vertebra is a projection serving to fit with an adjacent vertebra, forming the backbone’s stability.

Assault refers to any attempt or threat to physically harm another person.

An asset declaration is a sworn statement, typically signed under penalty of perjury, detailing the defendant’s financial situation to confirm their ability to satisfy a judgment, especially in cases where damages surpass insurance coverage, aiming to prevent unnecessary pursuit of assets and potential bankruptcy.

An asset search is a comprehensive investigation conducted through public and private records to uncover information about an individual or business’s financial assets, including real estate, bank accounts, investments, and vehicles.

An Assignment of Benefits (AOB) is a legal agreement allowing your insurance company to pay a third party, like a healthcare provider, directly for services provided on your behalf, notably in cases involving someone’s auto insurance Medpay policy.

Assistive devices, such as wheelchairs, scooters, walkers, canes, crutches, prosthetic devices, and orthotic devices, are external tools designed to aid individuals in performing specific tasks.

Association of Counsel refers to the collaboration between attorneys on one side of a case, indicating that the original attorney has enlisted another attorney or firm to work alongside them in representing their client’s interests.

Assumption of Risk is a legal principle that holds individuals accountable for engaging in inherently risky activities, potentially barring them from recovering damages in a personal injury lawsuit unless the defendant’s conduct was grossly negligent, reckless, or intentional, or falls outside the expected range of behavior for the activity.

Asymptomatic is where an individual shows no symptoms of a particular disease or medical condition.

The “at-fault party” in a car accident is the individual whose actions directly caused the collision, thereby making them liable for resulting damages, whether physical or emotional.

Atelectasis is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung, often due to the loss of air in the alveoli, and can result from various causes, including pneumothorax.

An attorney is a licensed legal professional who has completed law school, passed the bar exam, and is admitted to practice law in a specific jurisdiction, responsible for providing legal advice, representing clients in court, drafting legal documents, and negotiating settlements on behalf of clients in various legal matters.

Attorney-client privilege safeguards confidential communications between a lawyer and their client regarding legal advice or services, encompassing various forms of communication, with the authority to waive or invoke it resting with the client, although exceptions exist where disclosure may be required.

The “attorney of record” refers to the legal representative officially recognized by the court to act on behalf of a party in legal proceedings, including receiving court documents and representing the party in court.

An attorney’s lien secures the attorney’s compensation from the funds or judgment recovered for the client, established by contract in California at the time of fee agreement execution.

Automobile insurance provides coverage for the risks related to driving or owning a vehicle, encompassing collision, liability, comprehensive, medical, and uninsured motorist protections.

Automobile liability insurance provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage resulting from vehicle ownership or operation.

An autonomous vehicle is a self-driving car equipped with sensors and capable of operating without human intervention or the presence of a human passenger, mimicking the actions of an experienced human driver.

An autopsy report provides comprehensive findings from observations, examinations, and tests conducted on a body, typically stating the cause and manner of death based on scientific and medical evidence, categorized as accident, natural causes, homicide, suicide, or undetermined.

A blackout refers to a sudden loss of consciousness experienced by the driver, impairing their ability to control the vehicle safely.

Blind spots while driving are areas around your car that cannot be seen in your mirrors, sometimes unnoticed by drivers and contributing to accidents.

Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) measures the percentage of alcohol in a person’s bloodstream, with legal driving limits set at 0.08% for those over 21 and 0.01% for those under 21.

A blood transfusion is the process of receiving donated blood through a tube placed in a vein, often used to replace lost blood due to surgery, injury, or illness.

Bodily injury refers to physical harm to an individual, typically covered by liability insurance to address injuries caused by the insured’s negligence or unintended actions.

Bodily Injury Liability Coverage (BI) is a component of insurance that assists in covering injuries to others if you’re responsible for an accident, including legal fees, with California’s minimum requirement set at $15,000 per person and $30,000 per accident.

Bradycardia is a medical condition characterized by a slow heart rate, typically less than 60 beats per minute at rest in adults.

A broker is a licensed intermediary who is compensated to search for insurance coverage on behalf of clients.

A bruise is a skin discoloration caused by the breaking of small blood vessels, typically resulting from a forceful impact or injury.

The burden of proof in a civil lawsuit lies with the plaintiff, who must demonstrate by a preponderance of evidence that the allegations are true, and that the defendant caused damages.

A burn is tissue damage resulting from exposure to heat, radiation, electricity, or chemicals, classified into degrees based on severity, with symptoms ranging from redness and pain to blistering and tissue destruction; for instance, airbag burns may occur when an airbag deploys rapidly, causing skin contact with its high temperatures during a car accident.

Bursitis is a painful condition resulting from inflammation of small, fluid-filled sacs, called bursae, which cushion the bones, tendons, and muscles near joints, commonly occurring in the shoulder, elbow, and hip, as well as near the knee, heel, and base of the big toe.

A burst fracture refers to the severe crushing of a vertebra in multiple directions, often resulting in the bones spreading outwards and potentially causing damage to the spinal cord.

A business owner’s policy is comprehensive insurance tailored for businesses, encompassing property, liability, and business interruption coverage.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition resulting from pressure on the median nerve within the wrist’s carpal tunnel, characterized by symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the thumb and fingers, often attributed to repetitive stress injuries from frequent and repeated use of the hands, wrists, and fingers, but may also occur due to trauma such as a car accident or direct injury to the hand and wrist.

In insurance terms, a carrier refers to the company providing coverage listed on your policy and to which premiums are paid.

A carrier discovery report provides insurance policy information through a name and address or VIN search, aiding in identifying the insurance carrier of an at-fault party.

Cartilage is a resilient, flexible connective tissue that cushions and protects joints and bones, serving as a shock absorber and reducing friction between bones during joint movement.

A catastrophic injury is typically understood as a severe injury to the spine, spinal cord, brain, or major limbs, resulting in permanent or long-term severe functional disability or disfigurement, often necessitating extensive medical treatment and rehabilitation.

Causation in a car accident case requires demonstrating that the accident directly caused the plaintiff’s injuries, establishing a causal link between the defendant’s negligence and the plaintiff’s harm.

Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection characterized by inflammation, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area, commonly occurring in the lower legs but also potentially affecting other parts of the body, typically arising from bacteria entering through breaks in the skin and, if untreated, posing risks of spreading to the lymph nodes and bloodstream.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is the federal agency responsible for providing health coverage to individuals through programs including Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the Health Insurance Marketplace.

Central stenosis is the narrowing of the central spinal canal, often resulting in compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Cephalgia, commonly known as a headache, encompasses any pain affecting the head, face, or neck, categorized into primary or secondary types, with primary cephalalgias including tension headaches and secondary cephalalgias often resulting from underlying illnesses or trauma.

A certificate of insurance (COI) is a document issued by an insurance company or broker that verifies the existence of an insurance policy and summarizes its key aspects and conditions, often requested by potential clients as proof of coverage before doing business.

A Certificate of Satisfaction is a form signed by the insured to confirm their approval of damage repairs, designate claim payment to the service provider, and officially close the claim.

Cervicalgia, also known as neck pain, refers to pain in or around the spine beneath the head, often associated with injuries such as whiplash or medical conditions affecting the cervical spine.

A chiropractor is a healthcare professional specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders, primarily through manual adjustment and manipulation of the spine, often employed to alleviate pain and discomfort resulting from accidents or injuries.

Chondromalacia, often termed “runner’s knee,” is a common condition characterized by pain in the kneecap, caused by irritation of the undersurface of the patella as it rubs against the knee joint, typically due to overuse or excessive stress on the knee, with traumatic arthritis of the kneecap being a form of chondromalacia patella that can result from direct trauma such as a motor vehicle accident or a fall on a flexed knee.

Chronic pain is a long term (chronic) conditions that continues for longer than 3 months and can persist for months or even years, often associated with a chronic health condition, injury, or without identifiable cause, impacting daily life and functioning.

Circumstantial evidence entails indirect evidence that, while not directly proving a fact in question, allows for logical inferences to be drawn supporting the claim.

A civil action is a lawsuit involving non-criminal matters, such as disputes over money, injury, property, civil rights, or other private matters, initiated by serving a summons and complaint, and can range from small claims to general civil cases.

Civil litigation involves legal disputes between parties seeking monetary damages or specific performance in court, excluding criminal accusations, where one party (the plaintiff) sues another party (the defendant) for compensation or remedy.

An adjuster is an individual who investigates claims, providing settlement recommendations based on damage estimates and insurance policy terms.

Claim reserves are funds set aside by an insurance company upon receiving notice of a claim to cover potential settlement costs, with the specific amount earmarked for each claim termed as the claim reserve.

A claimant is any individual, whether first or third party, who asserts a right to recover losses.

Class action lawsuits empower a large group of individuals to collectively sue an adverse party, managed by one or more plaintiffs on behalf of a larger class, and can be pursued in federal or state courts under specific procedural rules.

A client trust account is a designated account where attorneys hold and manage funds on behalf of their clients, ensuring proper segregation of client funds from the attorney’s personal or business finances, including funds that belong to the client but need to be disbursed under certain conditions.

A closed fracture, also known as a simple fracture, occurs when the bone is broken but the skin remains intact, with no communication to the outside of the body.

A closed head injury refers to trauma to the head caused by impact with an object, without penetration of the skull, commonly occurring in automobile accidents, falls, and assaults, leading to bruising and tearing of brain tissue and blood vessels.

Closed reduction is a non-surgical procedure to align fractured bones, facilitating correct healing by setting the bone back in place without cutting the skin open, ideally performed shortly after the injury.

Cluster headache is an intensely painful type of headache that occurs in periodic clusters, often waking individuals from sleep and causing severe pain typically focused around one eye on one side of the head, with each attack lasting about 1 to 3 hours on average and recurring in distinct clusters followed by remission periods that may last for months or years.

Co-counsel refers to attorneys collaborating together on a legal case, sharing the responsibility of representing a client.

The coccyx, or tailbone, is the triangular arrangement of bone at the base of the spine, consisting of fused vertebrae and playing a crucial role in essential activities like sitting and standing, but it can be fractured during sudden impacts, such as those experienced in car crashes, when an individual is thrown forward and back, landing against the car’s seat.

Coinsurance is the portion of covered healthcare service costs that you pay, typically a percentage (e.g., 20%), after meeting your deductible.

Collision means the upset of your covered auto or its impact with another vehicle or object.

Collision coverage reimburses for damages to your vehicle resulting from collisions with other vehicles or objects, whether movable or fixed.

The collision deductible waiver coverage waives your collision deductible if you’re hit by a negligent uninsured motorist.

Colossus is a software program utilized by many insurance companies to assess the settlement value of car accidents and personal injury cases, particularly in minor to moderate injury cases, considering factors such as the attorneys’ litigation history and the jurisdiction of the claim, and employing approximately 600 injury codes to assign severity values and monetary compensation based on the severity points earned by the plaintiff.

Combined single limit (CSL) is a provision in an insurance policy that caps coverage for all aspects of a claim, including bodily injury per person, bodily injury per accident, and property damage, to a single specified dollar amount, simplifying coverage by encompassing multiple scenarios under one limit.

Commercial auto insurance provides coverage for motor vehicles owned by businesses engaged in commerce, safeguarding against financial losses due to legal liabilities for injuries or property damage resulting from accidents related to vehicle ownership, maintenance, use, or care.

A commercial driver’s license (CDL) is required to operate a commercial motor vehicle in the United States, with different types of commercial vehicles necessitating specific licenses, classified into three classes: A, B, and C, each with distinct criteria and endorsements.

A commercial motor vehicle (CMV) is defined as a motor vehicle or combination of vehicles and trailers used for hire to transport passengers or property, including single vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, combinations of vehicles with a gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, vehicles designed for carrying more than ten passengers (including the driver), vehicles towing another vehicle or trailer with a GVWR of 10,001 pounds or more, vehicles transporting hazardous materials, vehicles towing a combination of two trailers or vehicle and trailer, and 3-axle vehicles weighing more than 6,000 pounds.

A comminuted fracture occurs when a bone breaks into three or more pieces due to severe trauma, such as a car accident or serious fall, often requiring surgery and an extended recovery period.

The common fund doctrine entitles an insurer to reimbursement from its insured’s recovery from a third party for payments made under the policy’s medical provisions, ensuring injured victims are not solely responsible for attorney fees and allowing reasonable fees from the fund as a whole.

Common law marriage, recognized in a minority of states, refers to a legally acknowledged marital union between two individuals who have not obtained a marriage license or participated in a formal wedding ceremony, typically established by cohabitation and holding themselves out as married to friends, family, and the community, but it’s important to note that there is no provision for common law marriage in the State of California.

Comparative negligence is a legal principle that allocates fault among multiple parties involved in an incident, allowing for proportional assignment of responsibility for resulting damages, and is followed by California as per the pure comparative negligence rule.

Compensation refers to seeking payment for injuries sustained in an accident, typically initiated by filing an insurance claim with the at-fault driver’s auto insurance company to cover losses such as medical expenses and vehicle damage.

Compensatory damages, commonly awarded in personal injury cases, aim to compensate the victim for various losses stemming from the injury, such as medical expenses, pain and suffering, lost wages, property damage, and, in the case of wrongful death, funeral costs and loss of companionship.

The complaint initiates a legal action where the plaintiff sues the defendant, alleging a breach of legal duty resulting in financial loss or personal injury, typically seeking compensation through a court order.

A complex tear refers to a tear that occurs in multiple directions, often combining various types of tears simultaneously.

Comprehensive coverage protects against direct and accidental loss or damage to your vehicle and its normal equipment, including incidents like fire, theft, or vandalism.

A compression fracture is a type of break in the vertebrae, often resulting in their collapse and potential compression of the spinal cord and nerves, commonly caused by osteoporosis, spinal injuries, or spinal tumors.

A CT scan, utilizing X-ray technology, produces detailed internal images of the body, aiding in diagnosing diseases or injuries and planning medical interventions, contrasting with MRIs, which use radio waves and provide more detailed images of soft tissue.

A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury resulting from sudden movement of the head or body, causing chemical changes and potential damage to brain cells, often manifesting in short-term symptoms like headaches, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes.

Conditions of settlement encompass the specific terms and requirements outlined by a plaintiff’s attorney in a demand for settlement, including aspects such as the demand amount, parties to be released, time limits for acceptance, and released claims, which if not adhered to, can lead to the rejection of the settlement offer.

A conflict of interest occurs in law when an attorney’s, another client’s, or a third party’s interests clash with those of the current client, presenting a challenge to fulfill duties to all parties involved.

Congenital describes a condition or trait that is present at birth, stemming from either hereditary factors, prenatal exposures, or a combination of both genetic and non-genetic influences.

Consideration refers to each party giving something of value in exchange for something else, whether it’s goods, services, a promise, or refraining from a certain action, forming the basis of a legally binding agreement.

A contingency fee is a payment arrangement in which the lawyer receives a percentage of the client’s compensation only if the case is won or settled successfully, typically utilized by California personal injury attorneys, allowing clients to access legal assistance without upfront costs.

A Contingency Fee Agreement is a contract between a client and a lawyer where the lawyer’s fee is based on a percentage of the amount recovered for the client, and if there is no recovery of money, the lawyer does not receive a fee, providing clients access to legal representation without upfront expenses.

A contracture refers to the permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, skin, and adjacent tissues leading to the shortening and stiffening of joints, hindering normal movement, and often caused by injury, scarring, nerve damage, or disuse of muscles.

Contributory negligence, a common law tort rule, prohibits plaintiffs from recovering damages if they share any fault for their injuries; however, many jurisdictions, including California, have adopted comparative negligence, where damages are apportioned based on each party’s degree of fault rather than outright barring recovery.

A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, results from a direct impact to the body, causing damage to both the skin’s surface and underlying tissues, with severity varying depending on the force of the blow.

A copay is a fixed dollar amount that the insured pays towards incurred medical expenses in group insurance plans, with the insurer covering the remaining costs.

Costochondritis is inflammation of the cartilage connecting a rib to the breastbone, causing sharp chest pain, often mimicking symptoms of heart-related conditions, and can sometimes be attributed to auto accidents where the driver’s chest impacts the steering wheel.

A counterclaim is a legal claim filed by a defendant against the plaintiff in response to the plaintiff’s initial claim in a civil lawsuit, typically seeking compensation for damages believed to have been caused by the plaintiff.

A counteroffer is a response to an offer that rejects the original terms and proposes new ones, giving the original offeror the choice to accept, reject, or negotiate further.

A coup-contrecoup injury refers to brain damage occurring both under the impact site and on the opposite side of the brain, typically resulting from a forceful blow to the head causing the brain to collide with the skull and rebound, potentially leading to serious damage.

The “course and scope of employment” refers to whether the injured worker was performing tasks benefiting the employer at the time of the accident, with the key consideration being whether the worker was engaged in activities that furthered the employer’s business.

Coverage in auto insurance comprises various protections aimed at financially safeguarding individuals in accidents or vehicle damage, including required and optional types such as auto liability, uninsured/underinsured motorist, comprehensive, collision, and personal injury protection, with covered losses referring to financial losses for which an insurance company provides reimbursement according to policy terms, noting that coverage doesn’t necessarily imply liability on the insured party.

A covered loss refers to an injury, death, property loss, or legal liability for which an insurance company provides benefits according to the policy’s terms.

A covered vehicle is one expressly identified by make, model, and vehicle identification number on the Declarations Page of an insurance policy, encompassing newly acquired vehicles during the policy period, contingent upon no other insurance policy extending coverage to that vehicle.

Craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure involving the removal of a portion of the skull to alleviate pressure on the underlying brain, commonly performed in cases of severe brain injury characterized by extensive bleeding or swelling, distinguishing it from craniotomy by the absence of immediate replacement of the bone flap.

A craniotomy entails the surgical removal of part of the skull, known as the bone flap, to access the brain, with the bone flap being temporarily removed during the procedure and later replaced once the brain surgery is completed, often necessary in cases of traumatic brain injury resulting from incidents like car accidents.

A credible witness is a person whose testimony is considered believable and trustworthy based on factors such as competence, honesty, experience, knowledge, and behavior while testifying, which are evaluated by judges and jurors during legal proceedings.

Crepitus refers to the crackling, crunching, grinding, or grating noise that occurs when moving a joint.

During cross examination, conducted by opposing counsel after direct examination, the primary goal is to challenge the witness’s credibility, reveal inconsistencies, and present a different perspective to the judge or jury through the use of leading questions, impeachment tactics, highlighting contradictions, testing witness knowledge, and challenging the narrative presented during direct examination.

A crush injury is defined as physical trauma resulting from prolonged compression of the torso, limb(s), or other body parts, leading to damage of soft tissues, muscles, and nerves, often caused by force or pressure from heavy objects, commonly occurring in accidents such as car crashes.

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) is the standardized coding system utilized by healthcare professionals to document and code medical services and procedures in the medical field, crucially serving as evidence of injury in bodily injury claims for demand packages.

“Cutaneous” is used in medical terminology to describe anything relating to or involving the skin.

A deductible is the portion of a loss that the insured must pay before insurance benefits are provided, with the option to select a higher deductible to reduce premiums.

A default judgment is a court ruling favoring the plaintiff when the defendant fails to respond or appear in court after receiving a summons.

A “defective airbag” refers to any airbag that contains a design defect, manufacturing defect, or other deficiency jeopardizing its safe function, such as issues with the propellant agent or absence of a drying agent, leading to potentially dangerous deployment, shattering, or failure to deploy in accidents.

The defendant in a lawsuit is the individual or entity accused of causing harm to the plaintiff, which can include drivers, pet owners, or property owners, among others.

A “defense verdict” in civil law refers to a legal outcome in which the defendant is found not liable or not responsible for the claims brought by the plaintiff, indicating that the plaintiff failed to prove their case, and the defendant successfully defended against the allegations.

A deferred annuity is a payment made as a single sum or series of installments, scheduled to commence at a future date, often determined by a specified number of years or age.

Degenerative Disc Disease is a condition characterized by back or neck pain caused by wear-and-tear on spinal discs, often leading to chronic pain with intermittent severe episodes, commonly affecting the cervical and lumbar spine.

Degenerative Joint Disease, also called osteoarthritis, occurs when joints deteriorate, leading to stiffness, pain, swelling, and difficulty performing daily tasks.

A demand letter outlines an accident, identifies the responsible party, and specifies the value of the victim’s claim, typically initiating settlement negotiations in personal injury cases.

Denial of coverage occurs when an insurance company refuses to cover the costs of defending a lawsuit or paying damages, typically citing reasons such as failure to meet policy conditions, lack of coverage for the claim, or specific exclusions in the policy, with the interpretation of the insurance contract determining the validity of the denial.

Denied liability occurs when an insurance company refuses to accept responsibility for an accident, often citing reasons such as disputed facts, lack of evidence, insignificant mechanism for injury, pre-existing conditions, or comparative fault, prompting the need for further action to challenge the decision.

The “Department of Insurance” is a government agency responsible for regulating the insurance industry within a specific jurisdiction, overseeing aspects such as insurer solvency, licensing agents and brokers, conducting market conduct reviews, resolving consumer complaints, and investigating and prosecuting insurance fraud to protect consumers’ interests.

Dependent typically refers to an individual reliant on another for support, often unable to sustain themselves independently, such as children supported by parents or spouses under an insurance policy.

A car accident deposition is oral testimony given by a witness out of court, under oath, used to gather evidence during the discovery process for a personal injury claim.

Depreciation means the decline in value due to wear and tear and/or obsolescence.

A derivative claim encompasses various types of damages such as those for care, emotional injury, mental anguish, wrongful death, or the loss of service, consortium, society, or companionship, stemming from either the bodily injury of another person or from witnessing such bodily injury.

Dermatitis is a skin condition causing inflammation, irritation, and various symptoms like itching or rash, with types including atopic, contact, and seborrheic dermatitis, typically managed with moisturizing and medicated treatments.

A dermatologist is a medical doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions that affect the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes, with some also specializing in surgical procedures related to dermatology.

A “Designation of Representation” is a formal acknowledgment or agreement wherein an individual voluntarily selects a specific attorney to act as their legal representative for a specified personal injury matter, as indicated by signing a form.

Diagnosis is the process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms, typically involving a health history, physical exam, and various tests.

A “Diagnostic Code” is a alphanumeric combination used in healthcare to represent a specific medical condition, procedure, symptom, or disease, facilitating the conversion of complex medical reports into concise, standardized codes, typically managed by medical coders.

A diagnostic test helps determine a person’s disease or condition based on signs and symptoms, aiding in treatment planning, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and making a prognosis, with various types including laboratory tests, imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy.

Diminution in value refers to the real or perceived loss in market or resale value which results from a loss.

During direct examination, which is the first opportunity for an attorney to question a witness, the goal is to elicit testimony supporting the presenting attorney’s case, typically achieved through open-ended questions, establishing credibility, presenting evidence, ensuring relevance, and avoiding leading questions.

Disbursement in a personal injury case involves the distribution of settlement funds after a lawsuit is won or a settlement is reached, which includes obtaining releases, settling outstanding balances with medical providers, addressing liens from health insurance companies, and maximizing the recovery for the claimant.

A disc bulge occurs when the fibrous outer ring of the disc weakens, causing the jelly-like core to push outwards and compress the surrounding structures.

Disc desiccation is the dehydration and shrinking of the discs between vertebrae, leading to reduced flexibility and potential degeneration.

Disc extrusion refers to a large disc herniation where the herniation extends to cover portions of the upper and/or lower vertebra.

A disc herniation, also known as a disc protrusion, occurs when the fibrous outer ring of the disc tears, allowing the jelly-like inner core to protrude and compress a nerve.

Disc osteophyte complex refers to the formation of bone spurs affecting multiple intervertebral disks or spinal vertebrae, often leading to spinal compression or nerve root compression.

Disc replacement surgery involves the removal of a damaged disc and its replacement with a mechanical device designed to restore spinal movement and alleviate pain.

Discectomy is a surgical procedure aimed at removing the damaged portion of a spinal disk that protrudes through its tough outer layer, often relieving pain caused by compressed nerves.

Discography is a diagnostic procedure where x-ray dye is injected into the spine’s discs to identify potential sources of pain, aiding in treatment planning, often requested by surgeons.

Discovery is the process where parties obtain relevant information for trial, including written questions (interrogatories), document requests, requests for admission, and witness depositions, often culminating in a Motion for Summary Judgment seeking dismissal of certain claims or defenses.

Disfigurement is defined as any significant or permanent alteration to an individual’s physical appearance, which is considered to be aesthetically unappealing or unattractive, often resulting from injuries such as scarring, amputations, or burns, and can lead to both physical and emotional consequences.

A “dislocation” refers to the displacement of bones at a joint from their normal position, commonly caused by a fall, participation in contact sports, or car accidents, resulting in severe pain, joint deformity, and temporary immobility.

Dismissal refers to the termination of a lawsuit initiated by the plaintiff, typically for various reasons such as reaching an agreement with the defendant, receiving owed payments, inability to locate the defendant, changing circumstances, with options to dismiss “with prejudice” or “without prejudice.”

A displaced fracture occurs when the broken bone snaps out of place, resulting in misalignment or multiple pieces.

“Disputed funds” refers to money held in a trust account that is subject to disagreement or contention between parties, such as a lawyer and their client, or between a lawyer and a third party, requiring the funds to be held in trust until the dispute is resolved.

Disputed liability refers to a claims administrator’s denial of responsibility for a claimed injury, often contesting the compensability of the injury and attributing fault elsewhere.

Distracted driving encompasses any activity that shifts attention away from safe driving, including phone use, eating, adjusting the stereo, or interacting with passengers, posing risks due to visual, cognitive, or manual distractions.

A docket provides access to case information, including filings, court dates, and status updates, offering a concise overview of case proceedings and deadlines.

A Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) is a physician who practices medicine with a holistic, patient-centered approach, emphasizing preventive healthcare and recognizing the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit, often employing touch as a therapeutic tool in addition to traditional medical treatments.

A “dog bite” is defined as an incident wherein a dog uses its teeth to grasp or closes its jaws around any part of a person’s body, regardless of whether it penetrates the skin, thus constituting grounds for a personal injury claim.

A “Domestic Partnership” is a legally recognized relationship between two adults who have chosen to share their lives in an intimate and committed manner, meeting specific criteria such as sharing a common residence, agreeing to be responsible for each other’s basic living expenses, and filing a Declaration of Domestic Partnership with the appropriate government authority.

A “Dooring Accident” is a traffic collision that typically occurs when a driver or passenger opens a vehicle door directly into the path of a moving cyclist or motorcyclist, often resulting in serious injuries as the cyclist may either collide with the door or swerve into oncoming traffic to avoid it.

“Dorsal” refers to the anatomical term describing the back or posterior aspect of a structure, in contrast to the ventral, or front, aspect, with examples including the back, buttocks, calves, and the knuckle side of the hand.

Driving Under the Influence (DUI) involves operating a vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs, with specific blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits set by law.

Durable Medical Equipment (DME) encompasses prescribed medical devices for home use expected to last at least three years, such as wheelchairs, walkers, oxygen equipment, crutches, and blood testing strips for diabetics.

Every motorist in California is legally obligated to exercise reasonable care while driving, which includes obeying traffic laws and being mindful of pedestrians, other vehicles, and obstacles.

The duty to mitigate requires accident victims to take reasonable steps to minimize their damages following an incident, such as seeking prompt medical treatment or repairing damaged property, to avoid exacerbating their losses.

An electric bike, or e-bike, is a bicycle with an electric motor that assists pedaling, typically regulated by pedal effort and speed limits, categorized into three classes in California based on motor assistance and maximum speed capabilities.

An electric scooter, also known as an e-scooter, is a motorized device equipped with two wheels, handlebars, and a standing platform, typically powered by an electric hub motor or small internal combustion engine, commonly used for short-distance transportation and not requiring registration with the DMV in California.

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic test that records the heart’s electrical activity, providing essential information about heart rate, rhythm, and irregularities without applying electricity to the body.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp, providing information about brain wave patterns for healthcare providers to interpret.

Electronic Adjudication Management Systems (EAMS) is a computer-based case management system implemented by the Division of Workers’ Compensation (DWC) to simplify and improve the processing of workers’ compensation claims, enabling electronic filing of forms and documents, improving efficiency in resolving claims, managing court calendars, and transforming paper files into secure electronic records.

An Emergency Room (ER) is the appropriate choice for life-threatening medical conditions, such as heart attacks or severe injuries, where immediate advanced treatment is necessary.

Emotional distress is a category of compensatory damages in California law, encompassing suffering, anguish, fright, horror, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock, humiliation, and shame resulting from a personal injury.

ERISA, or the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, is a federal law designed to establish minimum standards for health insurance plans in the private sector, with ERISA plans potentially entitled to full reimbursement in personal injury cases.

An “empty judgment” refers to a situation where a plaintiff obtains a judgment against a defendant but finds that the defendant is insolvent or lacks the means to fulfill the judgment debt, rendering the judgment effectively unenforceable due to the defendant’s lack of assets.

An endorsement, also known as a rider, is a policy amendment used to add or remove coverage.

Endoscopy is a minimally invasive medical procedure involving the use of an endoscope—a flexible tube equipped with a light and camera—to visually examine the interior of the digestive tract, enabling healthcare providers to screen, diagnose, and treat various conditions by capturing images or videos of organs and structures within the body.

An epidural hematoma (EDH) is bleeding that occurs in the space between the outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater) and the inside of the skull.

An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a medical procedure where corticosteroids are injected into the epidural space of the spine to alleviate pain caused by inflamed spinal nerves.

“Erythema” is a skin condition characterized by redness or inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes, often occurring as a response to disease, infection, or allergic reactions to medications, with the severity of the rash varying from mild to potentially life-threatening.

“EtOH” refers to ethanol alcohol, a substance commonly measured in blood tests conducted in emergency rooms to assess alcohol levels, particularly in cases involving individuals who have been involved in car accidents and may be suspected of driving under the influence.

“Evasive action” refers to the swift and decisive maneuvers taken by a driver, such as hitting the brakes or making sharp turns, to avoid a potential collision or danger on the road.

An Event Data Recorder (EDR), also known as a black box, is a device installed in vehicles to record important information like vehicle dynamics, driver inputs, and crash details before, during, and after an accident.

Evidence refers to any proof, such as witness testimony, documents, or physical objects, presented in court to support or refute facts in a legal case.

“Ex parte” refers to motions, hearings, or orders granted at the request and for the benefit of one party only without the presence of the opposing party, as an exception to the general rule of court procedure requiring both parties’ presence and notice.

“Exacerbation” describes situations where a pre-existing injury or medical condition is temporarily worsened by a new injury, but the victim ultimately returns to the same physical condition they were in before the new injury.

An Examination Under Oath (EUO) is a formal questioning session conducted by an insurance company or its representatives, often prompted by suspicion of fraudulent activity or to gather crucial information regarding a claim.

Excess coverage, also known as secondary coverage, provides additional insurance beyond the limits of primary policies, stepping in after the primary policy is exhausted in covering a claim.

An excess judgment occurs when a jury awards compensation beyond the limits of an insurance policy, leaving the policyholder responsible for paying the excess damages.

Excess MedPay benefits cover medical expenses not covered by your health insurance, such as deductibles or balances left over after your health insurance pays a portion of the bill.

Excise means to remove something by cutting it out entirely, typically using a scalpel or laser, implying total elimination rather than partial removal.

An excluded driver is someone from your household whom you’ve asked your insurance company not to cover, meaning they are not insured to drive any vehicles on your policy.

An exclusion refers to specified causes and conditions listed in the policy that are not covered.

Exemplary damages, also known as punitive damages, are awarded to deter the defendant and others from engaging in similar conduct that led to the lawsuit and to punish the defendant.

Exhaustion of benefits occurs when a policy’s coverage limit is reached, requiring alternative sources like health insurance to cover further expenses.

An expert witness is a person with specialized knowledge who provides their expertise in legal proceedings to help the court understand complex technical or scientific issues.

The expiration date is the termination date of the policy.

An explanation of benefits (EOB) details the total charges for a visit, clarifying what your health plan covers and what you’ll owe upon receiving a provider bill.

Exposure refers to the potential risk of loss.

External fixation is a method of stabilizing fractured bones using metal devices attached externally, allowing for adjustments to maintain bone alignment during the healing process.

The Fair Claims Settlement Practices Regulations are guidelines that require insurance companies to treat policyholders fairly and handle claims promptly and appropriately in California.

Fair market value is the worth of an item on the open market, determined by factors like condition, age, make, model, and market demand.

Fault in an accident refers to the party responsible for causing the incident, determining liability for damages and insurance coverage.

The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) allows individuals to file claims against the federal government for damages caused by the negligent or wrongful acts of its employees acting within the scope of their official duties.

A fender bender is a minor car accident typically involving low-speed collisions that result in minimal vehicle damage and no serious injuries.

A field adjuster is an insurance professional responsible for assessing damages reported in insurance claims by traveling to the location, conducting inspections, and determining appropriate compensation for claimants.

A field sobriety test is a series of tasks conducted by law enforcement officers during a traffic stop to assess a driver’s physical and mental capability to operate a vehicle, often including balance, coordination, and multitasking exercises.

A financed car is one for which the purchase is funded through a loan obtained from a financial institution, with repayment made in installments over time, including interest and possibly fees.

California’s financial responsibility law mandates that individuals owning or operating motor vehicles in the state must have the financial means to provide compensation for injuries or property damage resulting from vehicle accidents, irrespective of fault.

A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin, causing redness, pain, and dryness, typically healing within a week without blistering or scarring.

First party benefits are insurance coverages that provide benefits to you and your family regardless of fault in an accident, often referred to as “no-fault” benefits.

A first-party insurance claim is filed with your own insurance company for damages or losses, typically covering incidents affecting you or your property.

A Foley catheter is a medical instrument designed to facilitate the drainage of urine from the bladder, typically used in cases where individuals experience difficulty urinating due to medical conditions or during post-operative recovery.

Foraminal stenosis is the narrowing of the neuroforamen, through which nerve roots exit the spinal canal, often caused by various spinal conditions, such as degenerated or herniated discs, facet hypertrophy, and bone spurs.

A foraminotomy is a surgical procedure that relieves pressure on the nerve roots in the spine by enlarging the opening where the nerve exits the spinal canal.

Force majeure is a contract provision that limits liability when unforeseen events make performance impossible, such as natural disasters or government regulations.

Foreseeability in a personal injury case refers to whether the harm resulting from someone’s actions or inaction was reasonably predictable at the time.

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone.

Frame damage refers to any damage sustained by the structural components of a vehicle, typically caused by collisions or other external forces.

“Full coverage” car insurance typically refers to a combination of coverages including liability, comprehensive, and collision, providing protection for both your vehicle and others involved in an accident.

Future damages refer to compensation for potential future expenses and losses resulting from an injury, such as ongoing medical treatment, loss of earnings, or pain and suffering.

Future medical specials typically cover anticipated medical expenses that will occur after the resolution of a personal injury case, encompassing costs for medical treatment, rehabilitation, surgeries, therapies, and other related healthcare needs that are expected to arise in the future as a result of the injury.

Good faith refers to the legal obligation of insurance companies to act fairly and honestly towards their policyholders, handling claims in a reasonable and transparent manner.

Governmental immunity refers to the legal protection that shields government entities from certain lawsuits, typically involving negligence or wrongful acts of their employees, limiting the liability of the government for such actions.

The grace period is a defined timeframe after the premium due date allowing for a payment to be made to maintain a policy without interruption.

Graft refers to the process in surgery where healthy tissue or bone is transplanted to replace damaged or missing tissue or bone in the body.

A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture where a bone bends and cracks, resembling the breaking of a small, “green” branch on a tree.

Gross negligence refers to a severe lack of care that shows reckless disregard for the safety of others, often resulting in intentional or wanton behavior causing harm or damage.

A Guardian Ad Litem is a court-appointed individual who represents the interests of a party, typically a child or incapacitated adult, in legal proceedings when they are unable to represent themselves.

The hearsay rule prohibits the use of out-of-court statements as evidence in court proceedings unless an exception applies, aiming to ensure the reliability of testimony by requiring witnesses to testify based on their own observations.

An heir is someone legally entitled to receive property or assets from a deceased person’s estate when there is no will or trust in place, determined by state laws if the deceased died intestate, and in cases of wrongful death, they may also be entitled to compensation for the loss of the deceased.

A hematoma is a collection of clotted blood outside of blood vessels, often caused by injury or surgery, resulting in localized swelling under the skin.

Hemorrhage is the loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel, which can occur internally or externally due to various causes, ranging from trauma to medical conditions.

A hernia occurs when tissue or organs protrude through weakened muscle walls, causing a noticeable bulge or lump, often triggered by factors like heavy lifting or abdominal strain, and may require medical attention.

“Hit and run” under California Vehicle Code § 20002 refers to the act of leaving the scene of an accident without providing identification or assistance when property damage has occurred as a result of the accident.

A hold-harmless agreement is a contractual risk transfer mechanism where one party assumes the liability of another party.

A Home Exercise Program (HEP) is a personalized set of therapeutic exercises prescribed by a physical therapist for patients to perform at home to support their rehabilitation.

Home health care is a range of medical services provided at home for individuals recovering from illness or injury, offering convenience and effectiveness comparable to hospital or skilled nursing facility care.

Homeowners insurance provides coverage for damage to your home, property, personal belongings, and other assets within your home.

Discharge is the process of leaving a hospital after treatment, occurring when you no longer need inpatient care and can return home or transition to another facility, with potential assistance from hospital staff to coordinate further care.

A hospital lien is a legal claim that allows a hospital to recover the cost of medical care provided to an individual who has filed a personal injury lawsuit against a third party, ensuring the hospital is compensated from any settlement or judgment obtained.

In Howell v. Hamilton Meats, the California Supreme Court ruled that injured plaintiffs are limited to recovering the discounted amount paid by their private health insurance as past medical damages, rather than the higher amount billed by medical providers.

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high, potentially leading to health complications.

A hypertrophic scar is a raised, thickened scar resulting from abnormal wound healing, commonly occurring in areas of taut skin following trauma, burns, or surgical incisions, with potential treatments including medication, freezing, injections, lasers, and surgery.

Hypoxia refers to low oxygen levels in the body tissues, often caused by conditions affecting blood flow or breathing, and can lead to symptoms like confusion, difficulty breathing, and rapid heart rate.

Inflammation occurs when the body’s immune system responds to injury, infection, or disease by increasing blood flow and white blood cells to the affected area, often resulting in pain, swelling, and redness.

Informed consent is the patient’s understanding and agreement to a medical treatment or procedure after being informed of all relevant information regarding risks and alternatives.

Injury refers to harm or damage to the body, either physically or emotionally, caused by external trauma or other sources.

Inoperable describes a medical condition or issue that cannot be treated or corrected through surgery.

Inpatient care refers to medical treatment provided in a hospital or similar facility, where patients are admitted and stay overnight under the care of medical professionals.

Insurance is a financial tool that shifts risk from individuals to companies, reducing uncertainty by pooling resources.

An insurance claim is a notification to an insurer indicating that a loss may be covered under the terms of a policy.

An insured is any individual or entity meeting the criteria outlined in the respective coverage section of their policy.

Insured Person refers to you, your relatives, residents of your household, individuals with regular use of a covered vehicle, and any other person explicitly permitted by you, in the context of an accident arising from the ownership, maintenance, or use of a covered vehicle as detailed in the Declarations Page.

The insurer is the insurance company providing coverage.

In California, intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) allows you to seek compensation if someone intentionally or recklessly causes you emotional distress through outrageous conduct, potentially resulting in compensatory and punitive damages.

An intentional tort is a civil wrong committed by someone deliberately, resulting in harm or damage to another person, and may include acts such as assault, battery, false imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

IOLTA, or Interest on Lawyers Trust Account, refers to a program mandating attorneys to deposit small or short-term client funds into pooled interest-bearing trust accounts, with the earned interest directed towards supporting civil legal aid for indigent and low-income individuals through nonprofit organizations.

An interested party is someone who may reasonably be expected to be affected by the outcome of a particular legal proceeding.

An internal injury refers to damage or trauma sustained within the body, often not immediately apparent, which may include broken ribs, internal bleeding, or organ damage.

Interpleader is a legal action where a neutral party petitions the court to determine rightful ownership or distribution of property claimed by multiple parties, often used in cases involving insurance settlements.

An interrogatory is a written set of questions used in legal proceedings to gather information from parties involved in a case.

An intervertebral disc is a structure located between each vertebra in the spine, consisting of a tough outer layer and a soft inner core that acts as a cushion and shock absorber for the spine.

Intestate simply means passing away without having prepared a Will, leaving the distribution of assets to be decided by legal procedures rather than personal wishes.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to bleeding within the skull, which includes epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages.

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), a common cause of stroke, refers to bleeding within the brain parenchyma.

Intravenous (IV) means administering substances directly into a vein using a needle or tube, allowing them to enter the bloodstream rapidly.

An invitee is someone who enters another’s property with the owner’s invitation, typically for business or social purposes, and the property owner owes them a duty of reasonable care to ensure their safety.

Irrigation refers to the cleansing of a canal or cavity or the washing of a wound by flushing with water or other fluids.

A juvenile is a person under the age of eighteen who is subject to the juvenile justice system for offenses committed before reaching adulthood.

The lateral recess is the pathway through which nerves branch away from the spinal cord.

Lateral recess stenosis involves narrowing of the space through which spinal nerve roots exit the spinal column, often causing pain and other symptoms.

A lawsuit is a legal action brought by one party against another, typically resolved in court.

A lawyer, also known as an attorney or counselor, is a licensed professional who advises and represents clients in legal matters, upholding the law and protecting their rights.

A lay witness is an individual who offers testimony in court based on their firsthand observations or personal experiences related to the case.

Leader automobile means an automobile leased or rented to the named insured, by a lessor licensed to lease motor vehicles, under a written contract for a period of six months or longer and in other respects qualifies as an owned automobile.

A legal consultation is an initial meeting between a prospective client and a lawyer to discuss the client’s legal needs, assess the case, provide legal advice, and determine if the lawyer is suitable for representation.

Legal malpractice refers to the professional negligence or misconduct of an attorney, occurring when they breach their duty of care to a client, leading to harm or damages.

A legal precedent is a past court decision that serves as a guiding principle in deciding similar cases in the future, either as binding or persuasive authority.

A legal representative is an individual who represents another person’s interests in legal matters, such as an attorney representing a client in court proceedings or negotiations.

A legally binding decision refers to a judgment or ruling that holds legal force and must be adhered to by the parties involved.

A lemon is a vehicle with significant defects or issues that affect its value, use, or safety, covered by the manufacturer’s warranty and persisting after a reasonable number of repair attempts.

A lesion is an area of abnormal or damaged tissue caused by injury, infection, or disease, which can occur anywhere in or on the body, such as the skin, blood vessels, brain, and other organs.

A letter of protection (LOP) is a legal document arranged by your attorney to ensure payment for medical treatment received after a personal injury, promising to settle the medical bills once your case is resolved.

A “Letter of Representation” is a formal notice from an attorney to an insurer or other involved party, indicating the client’s intent to file a claim and directing all further communications through the attorney.

A Level I Trauma Center is a top-tier facility that offers comprehensive care for all aspects of injury, from prevention to rehabilitation, with specialized staff available 24/7.

A Level II Trauma Center can provide immediate care for injured patients and has specialized staff available 24/7, with some tertiary care needs referred to Level I Trauma Centers.

A Level III Trauma Center can provide prompt assessment, resuscitation, surgery, and stabilization of injured patients, with 24-hour immediate coverage by emergency medicine physicians and general surgeons.

A Level IV Trauma Center offers initial trauma care, including evaluation, stabilization, and diagnostic capabilities, and is equipped to provide advanced trauma life support (ATLS) before transferring patients to higher-level trauma centers when necessary.

A Level V Trauma Center offers initial evaluation, stabilization, and diagnostic services, preparing patients for transfer to higher-level trauma centers if needed.

Liability refers to legal responsibility for an accident, determining who is financially accountable for resulting damages or injuries.

Liability coverage provides protection for a policyholder’s legal responsibility for injuries to others or damage to their property arising from an auto accident.

A liability decision is the determination of legal responsibility for an accident or incident, crucial for insurance claims and determining financial accountability.

Liability limits are the maximum amount an insurance carrier will pay for damages on behalf of the insured, typically divided into per claim and aggregate limits. In California, the minimum liability insurance requirements are $15,000 for injury/death to one person, $30,000 for injury/death to more than one person, and $5,000 for damage to property.

A licensee is someone who has permission to be on a property for their own benefit, such as a utility worker, and is owed a duty of care by the property owner.

A personal injury lien is a legal right granted to a third party, such as a medical provider, to claim a portion of the settlement or court award obtained by an injured individual to cover unpaid medical bills or services provided.

Lien reductions involve negotiating with lienholders, such as medical providers or insurance companies, to decrease the amount they claim from a personal injury settlement, thereby maximizing the amount the injured individual receives.

A lien sale is a process used to recover unpaid fees or costs by selling a vehicle when its owner fails to pay for services such as repairs or storage.

A lienholder is a party, often a financial institution, that holds a legal claim on your property until you fully repay a loan secured by that property.

Limitation of risk refers to the maximum liability an insurer or reinsurer faces in a single loss event.

A litigant is anyone involved in a legal case, whether as the plaintiff or defendant, making or defending against a formal complaint.

Litigation is the formal process of resolving legal disputes through the court system, involving plaintiffs who file complaints and defendants who respond to them, ultimately leading to a judgment by a judge or jury.

Litigation risk refers to the likelihood of facing legal action due to actions, products, services, or events, prompting individuals or corporations to assess potential resolutions and costs associated with defending against such actions.

Lordosis is an excessive forward curvature of the spine, typically in the neck or lower back, affecting posture and alignment.

Loss encompasses physical damage to property or bodily injury, including loss of use or income.

Loss of consciousness is a state where an individual temporarily or completely loses awareness of themselves and their surroundings due to inadequate blood flow to the brain.

Loss of consortium refers to the loss or impairment of the intangible benefits of a relationship, such as companionship, affection, and support, typically resulting from injury or death caused by a tortfeasor.

Loss of earnings refers to the income an individual would have earned if not for being injured due to another party’s wrongful act, typically calculated based on their pre-injury earnings.

Loss of use refers to compensation for the time a vehicle or property is unusable due to damage, providing funds for alternative transportation or living arrangements.

Lost wages refer to the income you would have earned from work if you hadn’t been injured in an accident, compensating for the earnings you’re unable to make due to your injury.

Lumbar disc disease, or degenerative disc disease in the lower back, is characterized by age-related wear and tear on spinal discs, leading to low back pain.

A lump sum payment is when you receive all of your settlement compensation in a single payment, rather than receiving it in installments over time.

A mechanism for injury refers to the specific way in which the forces involved in the collision impact the human body, influencing the type and severity of injuries sustained.

Medi-Cal is California’s Medicaid program, providing medical services for individuals with limited income and resources, funded by federal and state taxes.

A medial branch nerve block injection is a procedure where a local anesthetic is injected near the medial branch nerves to temporarily block pain signals from the facet joints of the spine, aiding in diagnosing the source of back pain.

Mediation is a dispute resolution process where you and the insurance company engage a neutral third party (the mediator) to facilitate a settlement agreement, allowing both parties to present their perspectives in a joint session, with the mediator lacking the authority to impose a resolution.

A mediation brief is a document prepared by an attorney summarizing key aspects of a case, including facts, arguments, evidence, and desired outcomes, to be shared with the mediator and the opposing party before a mediation session.

A mediator is an impartial third party who facilitates dialogue between conflicting parties and helps guide them to a mutually agreeable solution during mediation sessions, with the outcome not being legally binding.

A medical authorization is a document that allows a party, typically an insurance company, to access an individual’s medical records for specific purposes, such as evaluating a claim.

An MD, or Doctor of Medicine, is a licensed medical professional who practices allopathic medicine, utilizing conventional treatments such as medications, surgery, and diagnostics to diagnose and treat conditions, including specialization in various medical fields.

Medical malpractice insurance provides coverage for licensed healthcare providers or facilities against legal liability arising from death or injury due to misconduct, negligence, or incompetence in professional services.

Excess medical payments coverage supplements existing health insurance by paying for medical expenses not covered by the primary insurer, such as deductibles and co-pays.

Medical payments coverage reimburses reasonable expenses for necessary medical and/or funeral services resulting from bodily injury caused by an accident, sustained by you or any other person while occupying a covered automobile.

Medicare is the federal health insurance program for individuals aged 65 or older and certain younger people with disabilities.

A Medicare Advantage Plan, or Medicare Part C, serves as an alternative to Medicare Parts A (Hospital Insurance) and B (Medical Insurance), managed by private insurance companies that Medicare pays to administer, with providers billing the insurance company after enrollment rather than Original Medicare.

Medicare Supplement, also known as Medigap insurance, is individual or group coverage designed to supplement federal Medicare by filling gaps in its protections, covering deductibles, co-payments, and some services not included in Medicare.

Medical payments reimbursement refers to the process where an individual’s auto insurance company may seek repayment for medical expenses it covered if the individual receives a settlement or compensation for injuries from a third party.

A meniscus tear occurs when the C-shaped cartilage between the shinbone and thighbone in the knee is damaged due to forceful twisting or rotating motions, causing pain, swelling, and difficulty in knee movement.

Mental anguish refers to a significant level of psychological suffering, including feelings of distress, anxiety, grief, and hopelessness, often recoverable in personal injury cases alongside physical injuries.

The metacarpal is a long bone in the hand that connects the wrist bones (carpals) to the finger bones (phalanges), forming the knuckles and allowing movement and manipulation of the fingers.

A metatarsal is one of the five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsal bones to the phalanges, forming the main arches of the foot and aiding in weight-bearing and walking.

A migraine is a severe headache often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound, lasting from hours to days and interfering with daily activities.

Minimally invasive surgery involves smaller incisions and shorter recovery times compared to traditional open surgery, offering benefits like reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and fewer complications, often performed through laparoscopy or robotic assistance.

Minimum limits are the prescribed thresholds of liability set by California law for automobile insurance policies, encompassing $15,000 per person ($30,000 per accident) for bodily injury and $5,000 per accident for property damage.

A minor impact soft tissue (MIST) case involves a car accident with minor vehicle damage and soft tissue injuries, such as whiplash or sprains, rather than more severe injuries like broken bones.

A Minor’s Compromise is a legal process where an adult petitions the court for approval to settle a claim on behalf of a minor, ensuring the minor’s interests are protected and the settlement is fair.

Mitigating circumstances are factors that can lessen the severity of damages in a personal injury case, such as contributory negligence, assumption of risk, or pre-existing conditions, potentially reducing the compensation amount for the plaintiff.

A money judgment is a court-issued document declaring that a creditor has won a lawsuit against you and is entitled to a specific amount of money.

A motion is a formal request made by any party in a legal proceeding for a desired ruling, order, or judgment.

A motor vehicle repair estimate is a breakdown of the anticipated costs for parts and labor needed to fix damages to a vehicle, typically provided by an auto repair shop.

A “Motor Vehicle Report (MVR)” is a comprehensive record of an individual’s driving history, obtained from the DMV, containing information such as moving violations, traffic tickets, accidents, and other relevant driving-related incidents within a specified time frame or throughout the individual’s driving history.

A motorcycle is a motor vehicle designed for a rider with a seat or saddle, typically having no more than three wheels and weighing under 1,500 pounds.

Motorcycle insurance provides coverage for riders in case of accidents, damages, or liabilities, meeting legal requirements and offering protection on the road.

An MRI arthrogram is a procedure where a contrast agent is injected into a joint before undergoing an MRI scan to provide clearer images of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

“Multiple occurrences” refers to distinct events or incidents that result in bodily injury or property damage, often requiring courts to determine how many separate accidents have taken place within the context of liability insurance policies.

A multiple vehicle collision involves three or more vehicles and is typically triggered by a chain reaction of events, such as tailgating or adverse weather conditions, leading to significant damages and potential injuries.

A muscle spasm is a sudden, involuntary, and often painful contraction of a muscle.

Muscular atrophy is the wasting or loss of muscle tissue caused by reduced activity or impaired function, often resulting in muscular weakness and reduced endurance for basic activities.

Myalgia, or muscle pain, can be caused by various factors such as stress, overuse, injuries, and certain medical conditions, often resulting in localized or widespread discomfort that may require rest, pain relievers, and other treatments like R.I.C.E. therapy.

Nerve entrapment occurs when soft tissues, like muscles and ligaments, exert excessive pressure on nerves, leading to symptoms similar to compression but with different therapeutic approaches.

Nerve impingement, also known as a pinched nerve, encompasses both nerve compression, where hard tissues press on nerves, and nerve entrapment, where soft tissues exert pressure, resulting in similar symptoms but differing therapeutic approaches.

A nerve root is the beginning of a nerve directly connected to the central nervous system, crucial for transmitting signals to the body, and damage can cause pain or loss of function.

Nerves are like cables in your body that carry electrical signals, helping you feel sensations, move your muscles, and control various bodily functions.

Net recovery refers to the amount of money received from a settlement after deducting attorney’s fees, case expenses, and medical expenses.

The neural foramen, also known as the intervertebral foramen, is the opening between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerve roots pass.

Neural foraminal stenosis is the narrowing of the passageways between vertebrae in the spine through which nerve roots travel, potentially leading to nerve compression and pain.

Neuritis is inflammation of a nerve, often caused by injury or infection, leading to persistent pain and sensory abnormalities.

A neurologist is a medical doctor specialized in diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves in both adults and children.

Neuropathy is when nerve damage causes pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in one or more parts of the body.

A neuropsychologist is a specialist who evaluates how brain injuries and conditions impact behavior, mood, and cognitive abilities, providing assessments and treatment plans.

A neurosurgeon is a medical doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating conditions affecting the nervous system, providing both surgical and nonsurgical treatments.

Newly acquired auto means an additional auto or a replacement auto of which you become the owner during the policy period.

No-fault insurance means that regardless of who caused the accident, each driver’s own insurance company covers their medical expenses, with the exception of California, which follows an “at-fault” or “tort” system where the responsible party pays for others’ injuries and property damage.

A non-displaced fracture, also known as an incomplete fracture, occurs when the bone cracks but remains aligned without moving out of place.

A non-owned vehicle is any vehicle utilized with explicit permission from the owner, which is not owned by the insured, listed drivers, their employer, relatives, non-resident spouse, co-resident, or entities with significant ownership shares, and has never been owned or registered by the insured or listed drivers, and is not available for regular use by the insured or a relative.

A non-recourse loan is a type of loan where the borrower is not personally liable for repayment, and the lender’s only recourse for recovering the loan amount is through the underlying collateral, often associated with settlements or assets.

Non-renewal is when your car insurance company decides not to renew your policy at the end of its term, often due to various factors such as changes in company policies or your driving record.

A notary is an official authorized by the state to witness and certify the signing of important documents, confirming their authenticity and validity.

“Notice to Insurer” refers to the obligation of an insured party to inform their insurance company promptly after experiencing a loss or event for which they intend to make a claim.

The nucleus pulposus is the soft, gel-like center of the intervertebral disc, responsible for absorbing shock during bodily motion, and it can protrude through a tear in the annulus fibrosis when present, typically resulting in conditions like disc herniation.

An off-work note, typically issued by a doctor, verifies an individual’s inability to work due to injury or illness, outlining the diagnosis, impact on work, treatment plan, and estimated recovery time.

An olecranon fracture is a common injury involving the elbow’s upper bone, often needing surgery to fix.

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, occurs when the broken bone pierces through the skin, often leading to longer healing times and heightened risk of complications like infections.

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) is a surgical procedure to realign and stabilize broken bones using metal implants.

An operator means the person sitting immediately behind the steering controls of a motor vehicle and no other person.

An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor specialized in diagnosing and treating eye conditions, including performing surgeries.

An optometrist primarily focuses on vision testing, prescribing corrective lenses, and managing vision changes.

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) coverage in car insurance ensures that repairs to your vehicle utilize the same parts it was initially built with, sourced directly from the vehicle’s manufacturer, potentially including components ranging from headlights to engines, differing from aftermarket parts in their manufacturer.

An orthopedic surgeon specializes in surgical procedures to treat musculoskeletal conditions involving bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Orthotics are specialized devices, including shoe inserts, braces, and other supports, designed to alleviate pain, correct alignment, and improve function in various parts of the body, particularly the feet and ankles.

Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis characterized by the gradual wearing down of protective cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced flexibility over time.

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can occur when germs enter the bone through the bloodstream, nearby tissue, or directly through an injury, often requiring surgery and intravenous antibiotics for treatment.

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and fragile, increasing the risk of fractures, often occurring in the hip, wrist, or spine, and can be prevented with medication, a healthy diet, and weight-bearing exercise.

Otorhinolaryngology, commonly referred to as ENT, is a medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to the ears, nose, and throat, including surgical interventions when necessary.

An out-of-court settlement is an agreement between parties to resolve a dispute without involving a court, often achieved through negotiation or alternative dispute resolution methods.

Out-of-pocket expenses are costs incurred as a result of an accident, such as medical bills, property damage repair, transportation fees, childcare, and other related expenditures.

Outpatient care refers to medical services received at a hospital, clinic, or similar facility without requiring an overnight stay, allowing patients to visit for diagnosis, treatment, or procedures and then leave.

A “party” refers to an individual or entity involved in a legal transaction, such as a plaintiff or defendant in a lawsuit, or anyone with a direct interest in an agreement or deed.

The patella is your kneecap, the bone at the front of your knee joint that helps with movement and protects the knee.

Pathology is the study of disease, guiding diagnosis and treatment through the examination of bodily samples.

Pecuniary damages are quantifiable economic losses suffered by a victim or their family in a civil claim, including medical bills, lost financial support, and funeral expenses.

A pedestrian is an individual who is not occupying either a motorized vehicle or a vehicle intended to be towed by a motorized vehicle.

A pediatrician is a doctor specialized in caring for infants, children, adolescents, and young adults, providing preventive care, diagnosing and treating illnesses, and tracking developmental milestones.

Penalty of perjury refers to the legal obligation to tell the truth under oath, with false statements deliberately made facing felony charges.

A penetrating brain injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain, often causing severe damage and requiring immediate medical attention.

Peripheral refers to something situated away from the center, typically referring to areas outside the core or main part of the body or a body part.

A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line is a long, thin tube inserted through a vein in your arm, extending to larger veins near your heart for medication delivery or liquid nutrition, reducing the need for frequent needle sticks and risk to smaller arm veins.

A permissive operator is any individual operating a covered auto with the explicit consent of the policyholder, given that the individual possesses a valid driver’s license at the time of the accident and is not an undisclosed operator.

Personal injury refers to cases where someone sues another person or entity for causing them physical, emotional, or psychological harm, seeking compensation for medical expenses, lost wages, emotional distress, or other losses resulting from the injury.

Personal Injury Protection (PIP), also called no-fault insurance, covers medical expenses and lost wages for you and your passengers in case of injury, regardless of fault; however, PIP insurance is not offered in California due to its tort-based insurance system.

Pet insurance is a health plan where owners pay a monthly or annual fee to be reimbursed for eligible veterinary expenses, with coverage typically extending to dogs and cats, and sometimes other animals, upon submission of a claim to the insurer.

Phonophobia is a condition characterized by an extreme sensitivity to noise, which can cause discomfort or pain, often associated with brain injury or inner ear damage.

Photophobia is a condition characterized by sensitivity to light, often experienced after traumatic brain injuries, with neurological origins impacting pain sensation.

Physical damage coverage is insurance that protects vehicles against various damages such as collisions, vandalism, fire, and theft, typically required for leased or financed vehicles.

Physical therapy focuses on restoring physical function and mobility through exercises and hands-on therapy.

Physiotherapy aims to maintain, restore, and improve people’s function and movement to maximize their quality of life, often incorporating a holistic approach and manual techniques like massage and joint mobilization.

A plaintiff in a personal injury case is the individual who initiates the lawsuit seeking compensation for injuries sustained from another party.

A plastic surgeon is a medical professional specialized in performing surgical procedures to enhance or reconstruct a person’s appearance.

A plate search involves using a license plate number to access public records and gather information about a vehicle’s history, including ownership, registration, and any potential issues such as accidents or legal matters.

A pleading is a formal written statement submitted to a court that addresses legal issues and facts relevant to a case.

A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall, leading to chest pain and shortness of breath.

A podiatrist is a doctor who specializes in treating the foot, ankle, and related structures of the leg, providing expert care for foot health and conditions.

A policy is the written insurance contract.

A policy limit is the maximum amount that a policy will pay, either overall or for a specific coverage.

The policy period refers to the duration when insurance coverage is active.

A policyholder is the person who owns an insurance policy and is responsible for managing it, including making changes, ensuring premium payments are up-to-date, and receiving covered benefits in case of an accident or loss.

Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a condition where symptoms such as headaches and dizziness persist after the normal recovery period from a concussion.

“Post-op” refers to the period following a surgical operation, during which patients are instructed to follow specific guidelines to ensure proper healing and minimize complications.

Post-traumatic headache is a secondary headache that occurs within seven days following trauma or injury, characterized by its onset shortly after recovering consciousness or the ability to sense and report pain, often resulting from motor vehicle accidents and associated with whiplash-related symptoms.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, leading to symptoms such as re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance, emotional numbing, and increased arousal.

Posterior Cervical Fusion is a surgical procedure involving the removal of bone and ligaments from the back of the neck to decompress the spinal cord, followed by fusion across the facet joints using screws, plates, or rods.

Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) is a surgical procedure that alleviates lower back and/or leg pain by removing a damaged spinal disc and fusing the affected spinal segment using an interbody spacer, screws, and rods.

Posterolisthesis is one of the two forms of spondylolisthesis, where a vertebra in the spine slips backward in relation to the vertebra below it, potentially causing pain and neurological symptoms.

A power of attorney is the authorization granted to one person or entity to act on behalf of and bind another, as specified in the document establishing the authority.

A pre-existing injury refers to any medical condition or injury that existed before a current accident or incident, which may impact a personal injury case by complicating the assessment of damages and treatment options.

Pre-accident condition refers to the state of a vehicle before a collision occurred, serving as a benchmark for auto body repairs to restore it to its original state, considering factors like prior damage, depreciation, and environmental wear.

Pre-op refers to the period before a surgical procedure, during which patients undergo medical evaluations and tests to ensure they are fit for surgery and to identify any potential risks or complications.

A pre-settlement loan is a cash advance provided to individuals with pending personal injury lawsuits, allowing them to cover living expenses and medical bills before their case settles, with repayment contingent on winning the case.

A Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) is a type of health plan that offers a network of medical providers, where using in-network providers results in lower costs, with the option to access out-of-network providers for an additional fee, often providing flexibility to visit specialists without a primary care referral, but requiring pre-approval for certain treatments or services.

Premises liability refers to the legal responsibility of property owners to maintain a safe environment and warn visitors of potential hazards on their property, based on California’s negligence laws.

A premium is the fee charged by an insurance company for providing insurance coverage.

In car accident cases, the “preponderance of the evidence” standard requires demonstrating that the defendant’s negligence or intentional actions were more likely than not the cause of the accident and resulting damages, with a burden of proof exceeding 50% certainty.

Preservation of evidence in car crash cases involves sending letters demanding that critical evidence, such as vehicle data, photographs, and recordings, be maintained in its present condition to ensure its availability for litigation.

A primary care physician (PCP) is a healthcare provider who helps you manage your overall health and serves as the first point of contact for non-emergency health issues.

A primary driver is the individual who most frequently uses a specific car, with their driving record and risk profile influencing the insurance rates for that vehicle.

Primary insurance refers to the coverage that takes precedence when multiple policies cover the same loss.

Your primary residence is where you live most of the time, and it’s important for car insurance because it’s typically tied to your policy and coverage.

Pro rata in car insurance settlements means dividing the payout fairly based on each party’s share of responsibility, while in negotiating medical bills, it refers to distributing the available funds proportionally among lienholders.

A proceeding is any formal legal action taken to seek redress from a court or tribunal, encompassing all steps and methods involved in resolving a legal matter.

Product liability insurance provides coverage to manufacturers, distributors, sellers, or lessors against legal liability arising from defective products causing injury or damage to individuals or entities.

Prognosis refers to predicting the likely outcome of a medical condition or injury, often based on various factors such as age, severity, and type of injury.

Proof of insurance is a document that confirms you have automobile liability insurance and is required to legally drive a vehicle in California.

Property damage is the physical damage to, or destruction or loss of use of, tangible property.

Property damage liability coverage pertains to the payment for damages caused to another person’s property, typically covered by liability insurance against the negligent or intentional acts of the insured.

California’s Proposition 213 prevents uninsured drivers from claiming compensation for pain and suffering in car accidents, aiming to address rising insurance premiums and the growing number of uninsured drivers on the road.

Prosthetics are artificial devices used to replace missing limbs, enabling individuals with limb loss to regain mobility and perform daily activities.

Protected Health Information (PHI) refers to any individually identifiable health information held or transmitted by covered entities or their business associates, encompassing past, present, or future physical or mental health conditions, treatments, and payments.

Proximate cause refers to the primary cause of an injury, determining whether someone’s actions were the substantial factor in causing the injury.

A PRP injection, or Platelet-Rich Plasma injection, is a regenerative therapy that accelerates the natural healing process by using a patient’s own platelets to treat injured joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Psychiatrists are medical doctors specializing in mental health, diagnosing and treating mental illnesses, often prescribing medication as part of their treatment approach.

Psychologists are professionals who focus on providing psychotherapy, helping patients through talk therapy sessions without prescribing medication, typically holding a doctoral degree in psychology rather than a medical degree.

A public entity is a government organization or institution that individuals can hold responsible for injuries caused by its employees’ negligence or unsafe conditions on public property, often requiring adherence to specific legal procedures for compensation claims.

A puncture wound occurs when an object breaks through the skin and penetrates the body, often leading to potential infection and internal damage, commonly seen in dogs from bites or sharp objects.

Punitive damages are awarded to punish or deter wrongful conduct, set an example, fine, penalize, or impose a statutory penalty, or for any purpose other than compensatory damages for bodily injury or property damage.

Ride-sharing activity means the use of any auto to provide transportation of persons or property in connection with a transportation network company from the time a driver logs on to the transportation network company’s online-enabled application or platform until the time the driver logs off the online-enabled application or platform, or the passenger exists the auto, whichever is later.

Reasonable care refers to the level of caution and attention that an ordinary, prudent person would exercise in a given situation, determining liability in cases of negligence and responsibility for resulting harm.

The reasonable person standard refers to the legal benchmark used to assess whether an individual’s actions meet the level of caution and prudence expected from an average person in similar circumstances, determining liability in personal injury cases.

A recall is an action taken by a manufacturer or regulatory agency to address safety or performance issues in a product, requiring owners to have the issue repaired or replaced at no cost.

Reckless driving in California is defined as operating a motor vehicle with a willful or wanton disregard for the safety of others or property.

Recklessness refers to knowingly taking risks or acting with conscious disregard for the safety of others, falling between intentional harm and simple negligence in terms of legal culpability.

Reconstructive surgery repairs defects caused by birth, disease, or injury for medical reasons, distinct from cosmetic procedures.

A recorded statement is an interview conducted by an insurance adjuster, typically asking questions about a car accident, which can impact your insurance claim.

Recovery is the money you get for damages caused by someone else’s mistake.

Referral fees are payments made by one attorney to another for directing a client their way, often based on a percentage of the fees earned from the client’s case.

Regular use means care, custody or control of a vehicle for more than two times or 48 hours, whichever comes first, at any time during a six (6) month period.

Rehabilitation is the process of aiding individuals in their recovery from personal injury by providing medical, social, and psychological support to promote the best and quickest possible recovery.

Reinstatement is the process of restoring a lapsed policy to full force and effect, sometimes occurring after the cancellation date, resulting in a lapse of coverage.

Family members means a person related to you by blood, marriage, or adoption who is a resident of your household. This includes a ward or foster child.

A release is a legal document where one party (the releasor) agrees to give up or “release” any claims against another party (the releasee) in exchange for compensation.

A renewal date is the date on which an insurance policy expires and needs to be renewed to maintain coverage.

Rental car coverage refers to insurance offered by rental agencies, which may include liability, collision damage waiver, personal accident insurance, and personal effects coverage, although it may overlap with your personal auto insurance.

Renters insurance covers personal belongings damaged from covered perils, additional living expenses if unable to reside in the dwelling during repairs, and provides personal liability coverage, excluding structural damage responsibility, which falls under the landlord’s purview.

A Replacement Auto is an automobile that you acquire ownership of during the policy period to substitute for a vehicle specified on the Declarations Page due to either the termination of your ownership interest in the designated vehicle or its permanent inoperability resulting from mechanical breakdown, theft, deterioration, or total loss.

Replacement cost refers to the expense of replacing property without factoring in depreciation from normal wear and tear.

Replacement value represents the total cost of repairing or replacing damaged property without factoring in depreciation, subject to policy limits and contractual provisions.

A Request for Production of Documents is a formal written demand from one party to another in a legal case, asking for specific documents, files, or physical items that are relevant to the issues in the lawsuit.

Requests for admission are formal requests made during a civil action where one party asks the other to admit or deny specific facts or the authenticity of documents, which can simplify the trial process if admitted.

Res ipsa loquitur is a Latin legal term meaning “the thing speaks for itself,” used in tort law to suggest negligence based on circumstantial evidence when certain conditions are met.

Resect means surgically removing a part of an organ or structure, without necessarily removing the entire thing.

A “Reservation of Rights” letter tells you the insurance company will defend a claim but might later deny coverage if it’s not covered by the policy, affecting your ability to collect damages for injuries caused by someone else’s negligence.

Household consists of you, a family member, and any registered domestic partners, unrelated roomers, boarders, live-in employees, and other non-relatives who live together in the same housing unit.

A resident relative is a person, other than the insured, who resides with the first person listed as a named insured on the Declarations Page, and who is related to that named insured or their spouse or domestic partner by blood, marriage, domestic partnership as qualified by California law, or adoption.

Respondeat superior is a legal doctrine that holds employers accountable for their employees’ actions while on the job, allowing injury victims to sue the employer for negligence or wrongdoing committed by their staff members.

Restitution is when a defendant in a criminal case is ordered by the court to compensate the victim for financial losses resulting from the crime, covering medical bills, lost wages, property damage, and other economic damages.

Retrolisthesis is a condition characterized by the backward or posterior slippage of a vertebral body over the one beneath it in the spine.

A rider, typically synonymous with an endorsement, is an amendment to the policy utilized to add or remove coverage.

Ridesharing is a convenient transportation service where passengers can hire drivers using a smartphone app for one-way trips on short notice.

Road rash is a skin abrasion caused by friction, often occurring during activities like biking or motorcycling, and typically heals within a couple of weeks with proper treatment.

Roadside assistance coverage is insurance that provides help in tough driving situations, such as flat tires, lockouts, jumpstarts, running out of gas, or breakdowns.

A rollover accident occurs when a vehicle tips onto its side or roof during a crash, often resulting in serious injuries.

A rotator cuff tear is a shoulder injury where one or more of the tendons connecting the muscles to the bone tear, causing pain and weakness in the shoulder.

The Rules of Civil Procedure are a set of guidelines that govern civil proceedings in United States district courts, aiming to ensure fair, speedy, and cost-effective resolution of legal disputes.

Sciatica is pain that travels along the sciatic nerve pathway, usually caused by pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar spine.

Scooter insurance provides coverage for scooters with engines typically 50cc or larger, helping to protect against liabilities and damages in case of accidents.

A scrap yard is a facility that collects and processes scrap metal for recycling purposes, serving as a middleman between individuals or businesses selling scrap metal and refineries that convert it into raw materials for manufacturing.

The seat belt sign refers to patterned bruising on the chest or abdomen corresponding to the position of a seat belt after a motor vehicle accident.

A second-degree burn, also known as a partial thickness burn, affects both the epidermis and part of the dermis, appearing red, blistered, and painful.

A secondary driver is someone who uses a vehicle often but not as frequently as the primary driver and must be listed on the insurance policy for that vehicle.

A segmental fracture involves the same bone being fractured in two places, resulting in a “floating” piece of bone, typically caused by severe traumas like car accidents.

A select repair shop is a collision repair facility that participates in one or more insurance company direct repair programs (DRPs), but vehicle owners retain the right to choose any body shop they prefer.

Self-insurance involves using savings or investments to cover potential losses or risks instead of purchasing an insurance policy, opting out of paying premiums to the insurance company and relying on personal funds to cover potential costs.

A self-insured retention (SIR) policy is an insurance arrangement where the insured must pay a specified dollar amount before the insurance policy covers a loss.

A semi-truck is a large vehicle consisting of a tractor, or towing engine, and one or more semi-trailers, used for hauling goods and cargo on the highway.

Service of process involves formally delivering a summons and a copy of the complaint to the defendant, informing them of the lawsuit and the court’s authority, with specific instructions regarding response deadlines and potential consequences for failure to respond.

A settlement in a personal injury case is an agreement between the parties involved, typically involving the injured party receiving compensation from the liable party, often facilitated by insurance companies, to resolve the case without going to trial.

A settlement demand is a formal request made by a plaintiff to the opposing party or their insurance company, seeking compensation for damages incurred as a result of an accident.

A settlement loan is a non-recourse loan provided to plaintiffs in personal injury cases, allowing them to access immediate funds based on their expected future compensation from the settlement.

A settlement release is a legal document that finalizes a personal injury case, where the claimant agrees to accept a specified payment amount in exchange for giving up the right to sue the responsible party further.

Shop of Choice refers to the right of a vehicle owner to choose the repair shop they prefer, regardless of the preferences of the insurance company involved.

Shoulder Impingement is a condition where bones in the shoulder rub against or pinch the rotator cuff, causing pain and limited movement.

A sideswipe accident occurs when one vehicle strikes or scrapes the side of another vehicle, often due to lane changing or distracted driving.

A single-vehicle accident is when a collision involves only one vehicle, which may be covered by collision or comprehensive insurance depending on the circumstances.

Skilled Nursing Care involves specialized medical care provided by registered nurses in a clinical setting, typically following hospitalization, focusing on rehabilitation and supervised by physicians.

A skull fracture is a break in one of the cranial bones, often caused by severe head trauma, potentially leading to symptoms like bleeding, bruising, or changes in consciousness.

A slip and fall refers to a personal injury case where someone is injured by slipping or tripping on another’s property, often due to hazardous conditions, leading to potential legal liability for the property owner.

Small claims court allows individuals to sue for money they believe they are owed, with a maximum limit typically around $12,500, offering a quicker and cheaper legal process without the need for a lawyer.

SOAP notes are structured medical documents used to document patient encounters, containing subjective, objective, assessment, and plan sections for clear and organized patient information.

A soft tissue injury refers to damage or trauma to muscles, ligaments, or tendons, commonly occurring in accidents like car crashes or falls.

Special damages are quantifiable financial losses incurred by a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit, such as medical expenses or property damage.

The Special Investigations Unit (SIU) is a department within insurance companies tasked with investigating suspected fraudulent insurance claims.

A specialist is a healthcare provider who focuses on a particular area of medicine or patient population, with specialized training to diagnose, manage, and treat specific conditions or symptoms.

Spinal cord compression occurs when the nerves of the spinal cord are squeezed, leading to symptoms like numbness, pain, weakness, and loss of bowel/bladder control, which can result from various causes such as osteoarthritis, abnormal spine alignment, or spinal injury, requiring anything from supportive care to emergency surgery depending on severity.

A spinal injury is damage to the spinal cord resulting in partial or full loss of motor control and sensation, often caused by trauma or accidents like falls or vehicle collisions.

Spinal stenosis, encompassing central, lateral recess, and foraminal stenosis, involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to factors like bone spurs, facet joint enlargement, and stiffening ligaments, which can lead to compression of nerve roots or the spinal cord.

A spiral fracture occurs when a bone breaks in a spiral pattern, often caused by a twisting injury.

Spoliation of evidence occurs when someone intentionally or negligently destroys or alters evidence relevant to a case, which can lead to significant consequences in a personal injury lawsuit.

Spondylolisthesis refers to the relative position of spinal vertebrae, where one may slide backward (retrolisthesis), forward (anterolisthesis), or sideways (lateral listhesis), with grades ranging from 1 to 5 indicating the extent of slippage, and severe cases may require surgical correction.

Spondylosis refers to osteoarthritis of the spine, characterized by age-related wear and tear on spinal structures, potentially leading to spondylolisthesis if left untreated.

Spouse means married partner or registered domestic partner under the laws of California.

A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments, often occurring in joints like the ankle, and typically involves pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

The SR-1, Report of Traffic Accident, is a form used in California to report traffic accidents involving injuries, fatalities, or property damage exceeding $1,000, and must be submitted to the DMV within 10 days of the incident.

The SR-19C, or Financial Responsibility Information Request Form, is filed with the DMV after an accident involving an uninsured motorist, allowing individuals to request essential information such as the other driver’s SR-1, insurance details, or Uninsured Motorist Certification to support an uninsured motorist claim.

An SR-22, also known as a Certificate of Financial Responsibility, is a form filed by an insurance company with the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to prove that a driver meets the state’s minimum auto insurance requirements, typically required after major driving violations.

Stacked car insurance allows combining uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage limits across multiple vehicles or policies to increase the insurer’s payout for a claim, but it’s not allowed in California, where coverage can only be used if it exceeds the at-fault driver’s coverage.

The standard of care refers to the level of caution and responsibility a person or business must uphold to prevent harm to others, with California requiring adherence to this standard in legal matters.

A Statute of Limitations sets a time limit for filing legal claims in California, typically 2 years for personal injury claims, 3 years for property damage claims, 6 months for government claims, and longer for minors, ensuring timely pursuit of legal action.

A Statutory Lien refers to a legal claim placed on a settlement or judgment by a government entity or insurer to recover expenses paid for medical treatment related to the injury, often governed by specific state or federal laws.

Stenosis is a condition where the space within the spine narrows, often leading to pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, resulting in symptoms such as pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness.

A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon, often caused by overstretching or tearing of the tissue, resulting in symptoms like pain, tenderness, limited motion, and muscle weakness.

Strict liability in California personal injury cases means that the at-fault party can be held responsible and required to pay compensation for injuries, even without proof of negligence, typically applying to product liability, dog attacks, and extra hazardous activities.

A structured settlement annuity, commonly used in personal injury or legal settlements, provides regular tax-free payments through tailored annuities, allowing claimants to receive income in periodic installments rather than a lump sum, typically decided before finalizing the settlement agreement and managed by a third-party assignment company.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding that occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering it (subarachnoid space).

Subcutaneous means beneath or under all the layers of the skin.

A subdural hematoma (SDH) is bleeding that occurs in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater).

Subjective injuries are those that do not show up on diagnostic images or lab results and are based solely on the individual’s description of symptoms, such as sprains and strains.

A subluxation is a partial dislocation of a joint, often caused by acute injury or repetitive motion injury.

A subpoena is a legal order requiring someone to provide evidence or appear in court.

Subrogation refers to the insurer’s legal right, on behalf of the insured, to pursue a liability suit against a third party responsible for losses, aiming to recover incurred losses from the third party.

Substitution of Attorney is the process where a client replaces their current attorney with a new one, typically involving formal paperwork and notification to the court and opposing counsel.

The Sudden Emergency Doctrine is a legal principle that may absolve a driver of liability for an accident if they faced an unexpected emergency while driving and reacted reasonably under the circumstances.

A summary judgment is a legal motion typically used by the defense in civil cases, aiming to show that there’s no genuine issue of material fact for a jury or judge to decide upon, potentially leading to the dismissal of the case.

A summons is a legal document that notifies a defendant about a lawsuit, detailing the plaintiff’s identity, the court involved, and the timeframe for responding to the complaint.

A supplemental estimate covers additional damages not initially accounted for in the original estimate, ensuring all necessary repairs are included in the claim.

A survival action is a legal claim filed on behalf of a deceased person for injuries they sustained before their death, allowing their estate to seek compensation for those injuries.

A suture is a medical tool used to close wounds or lacerations, typically consisting of a thread and needle employed by doctors or surgeons.

Syncope, commonly known as fainting, is a temporary loss of consciousness usually caused by a sudden drop in blood flow to the brain, often triggered by various factors like emotional distress or changes in body position.

A tension headache occurs when muscles in the neck and scalp contract, causing pain that often feels like a tight band around the head, typically affecting both sides of the head and the back of the neck.

Term refers to the duration for which a policy remains in effect.

A testimony is a statement given by a witness about what they saw or experienced, often used to support a case or claim in legal proceedings.

The thecal sac is a protective structure in the spinal canal that surrounds and encloses the spinal cord, nerve roots, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), providing cushioning and protection for the delicate nervous tissue.

Theft, also known as auto or vehicle theft, involves the unlawful taking or driving of someone else’s vehicle, with the intent to deprive the owner of possession or ownership.

A third-degree burn involves the destruction of the skin’s top three layers and fatty tissue, resulting in charred-black, dry, and leathery skin, necessitating immediate medical attention.

A third party is an individual other than the insured or insurer who has suffered losses or is eligible for payment as a result of the insured’s actions or omissions.

A third-party claim is filed by someone other than the policyholder or insurance company, typically after an accident caused by another driver, to cover accident-related expenses

Third-party litigation refers to legal action initiated by an individual seeking compensation for injuries or damages caused by someone else’s negligence, often involving the negligent party’s insurance company.

The thorax is the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, housing vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, supported by the ribs, breastbone, and spine, and separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm.

A tort is a wrongful act or negligence that causes harm to another person, their property, or reputation, often leading to compensation through a lawsuit or liability insurance coverage.

A tortfeasor is an individual or entity responsible for committing a civil offense that causes harm or injury to another party.

Total loss occurs when a vehicle sustains damage beyond repair or when the cost of repairs exceeds its actual cash value.

A tow yard is a secure facility where vehicles are stored after being impounded until they are reclaimed by their owners or auctioned off.

Towing and Labor Coverage is an optional add-on to your auto insurance policy that typically covers expenses related to common roadside breakdowns, such as towing, tire changes, jump starts, lockout assistance, and gas or oil delivery.

A traffic camera is a video camera placed on major roads to monitor general traffic conditions, often connected to others through optical fibers, mainly used for traffic monitoring purposes rather than enforcement.

A traffic citation, often referred to as a ticket, is a written record issued by law enforcement for a traffic violation, detailing the offense and providing instructions for resolution.

A traffic collision report, commonly known as a police accident report, is a documented record created by law enforcement personnel after a motor vehicle accident, containing details of the incident and statements from involved parties and witnesses.

Transportation Network Company means an organization or entity, including but not limited to, a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, sole proprietor, or any other entity, that provides prearranged transportation services for compensation using an online-enabled application or platform to connect passengers with drivers using a personal auto.

A transverse fracture is characterized by a straight line break across the bone, typically occurring perpendicular to its length and often resulting from trauma such as a fall or accident.

A transverse process is a bony projection on each side of a vertebra, providing attachment points for back muscles and ligaments.

Trauma refers to the emotional and psychological distress experienced by individuals following accidents, encompassing symptoms such as PTSD, anxiety, depression, and physical manifestations like headaches and sleep disturbances, which can significantly impact their daily lives and legal claims.

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs due to a forceful bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body, potentially leading to temporary or permanent problems with normal brain function, ranging from physical symptoms like headaches and blurred vision to cognitive and behavioral changes.

A trespasser is someone who enters another person’s property without permission or legal right to do so, and property owners generally owe them a minimal duty of care.

Triage is the process of prioritizing and sorting patients based on the severity of their condition to ensure that the most critical cases receive immediate attention and care.

Trial occurs when parties fail to reach a settlement, with options including a bench trial decided by a judge or a jury trial where the jury decides the disputed matter based on the laws instructed by the judge.

A trier of facts, like a judge or jury, decides what actually happened in a trial based on the evidence presented.

A trigger point injection is a procedure where medicine, typically a local anesthetic like lidocaine, is injected into painful knots in muscles to relieve pain and promote muscle relaxation.

A trip and fall occurs when a person stumbles over an object or uneven surface, causing them to lose balance and fall forward, potentially resulting in injury.

A truck is a large commercial vehicle used for transporting goods, typically owned by companies and often leading to more severe injuries in accidents due to their size and weight.

Underwriting is the assessment process of applicants for insurance, categorizing them by their insurability to determine suitable premium rates, including the rejection of unacceptable risks.

An uninsured motor vehicle is any land motor vehicle or trailer, including those lacking bodily injury liability coverage, those underinsured for bodily injury, hit-and-run vehicles with unidentified owners or operators causing physical contact, and vehicles denied coverage or operated by insolvent insurers.

Uninsured motorist bodily injury coverage compensates you and your passengers for bodily injuries caused by a negligent uninsured motorist, a hit-and-run driver, or a driver whose insurer is insolvent.

Uninsured motorist property damage coverage reimburses for damages to your vehicle, up to a specified limit, caused by a negligent uninsured motorist.

Unstacked car insurance, as practiced in California, means each vehicle’s coverage limit remains separate, without combining across policies or vehicles, in contrast to stacked insurance policies which are not allowed in the state.

Urgent Care provides immediate outpatient medical services for acute illnesses or injuries, offering an alternative to emergency rooms for non-life-threatening conditions.

A urologist is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system.

Utility Terrain Vehicles, or UTVs, are primarily designed for work, featuring ample seating, storage, and power, ideal for hauling equipment in rugged environments.

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness often caused by injury or damage to the neck or inner ear.

Vicarious liability is the legal concept where one party is held responsible for the actions of another, such as a vehicle owner being liable for damages caused by someone driving their car.

Voir dire is the process during jury selection where the judge and attorneys ask potential jurors questions to determine if they are unbiased and capable of serving impartially.

A witness is someone who observed an event, such as a car accident, and can provide testimony or evidence about what happened.

A written statement is a formal account detailing observations, events, or perspectives, often required in legal or investigative contexts such as car accident witness reports.

The work product doctrine protects information prepared in anticipation of litigation or trial, requiring a fact-based assessment to determine if it applies to withhold certain documents or information during legal proceedings.

A worker’s compensation subrogation lien allows employers or insurers to recoup workers’ compensation costs from a third-party settlement or judgment related to a workplace injury claim, preventing double payment for the same injury.

Workers compensation insurance offers medical care, death, disability, and rehabilitation benefits for job-related injuries or diseases, regardless of fault.

Wound irrigation is the process of gently flowing a solution over an open wound to cleanse it, remove debris, and aid in visual examination, promoting optimal wound healing.

Written notice refers to a formal notification provided in writing to convey information or details about an event, situation, or requirement.

A written statement is a formal document providing information or details about an event, situation, or perspective, often used in legal or investigative contexts.

Wrongful death refers to a legal claim filed when someone dies due to the negligence or wrongful act of another person or entity, seeking compensation for the loss suffered by surviving family members.